El «estanco terapéutico» de la hidroterapia y los límites de la autoridad en el Cuerpo de médicosdirectores de baños, 1866-1869 / The «therapeutic watertight» of hydrotherapy and the limits of authority in the Corps of medical directors of baths, 1866-1869

Desde la creación del cuerpo de médicos-directores de baños a comienzos del siglo XIX, dicho colectivo profesional vivió numerosos conflictos internos y externos en los que se puso en cuestión su autoridad científica y moral como expertos en la gestión de la hidrote-rapia. Aunque los médicos-directores estaban dotados de un papel importante en la gestión de baños y aguas públicas a raíz de las regulaciones existentes, otros actores también pugnaron por ese poder. Este artículo analiza los conflictos que existieron entre médicos-directores de baños y los médicos libres, que defendían tener el mismo acceso al monopolio clínico que los primeros. Tomando como punto de partida un debate que tuvo lugar entre 1866 y 1868, el artículo analiza los diferentes mecanismos legales y discursivos que existían para generar y criticar la autoridad de cada grupo. En una época en la que se estaban determinando los límites de las profesiones científicas y las políticas liberales y de intervención del Estado, el caso de los médicos-directores de baños nos permite analizar los procesos de negociación y legitimación de estatus dentro de una ocupación aún no estabilizada como profesión (AU)

The Department of Surgery of the Université de Montréal, 70th anniversary.

SUMMARY: The Department of Surgery of the Université de Montréal was officially chartered in 1961, but the structure had been in place since since 1951. The department grew as a fusion of hospital-based surgery training programs from the largest French-speaking hospitals in Montreal. Currently 448 professors (135 women and 313 men) teach in the department. The research activity, both clinical and applied, is in strong progression. The Department of Surgery is the largest French and bilingual training centre in Canada and North America. In 2021 the department will celebrate its 70th anniversary. As members, we should be proud of the work achieved by our predecessors and by the current rank of professors, teachers and researchers. The department strives to promote the essential role of and highlight the rewards and benefits of academic surgery.

Dr. Rodrigo Álvarez Cambras, padre de la Ortopedia en Cuba. Homenaje en su 85 aniversario / Dr. Rodrigo Alvarez Cambras, father of Orthopedics in Cuba. Tribute in his 85th anniversary

El doctor y profesor Rodrigo Álvarez Cambras constituye una de las figuras que despuntó desde los mismos inicios del triunfo de la Revolución Cubana en las ciencias ortopédicas con repercusión en las ciencias pedagógicas. El objetivo fue argumentar porqué se considera al ilustre profesor Rodrigo Álvarez Cambras, el padre de la Ortopedia y la Traumatología en Cuba en el marco de sus 85 de aniversario. Se realizó este trabajo de corte histórico mediante sus datos biográficos y teniendo en cuenta sus principales aportes como médico, pedagogo, científico y directivo, avalados por sus más de cinco décadas dedicadas por entero a las ciencias médicas y pedagógicas. Se estimula al estudio de esta figura con el propósito de valorar su trabajo en beneficio de la sociedad cubana y su contribución al desarrollo de la medicina, específicamente de la Ortopedia y Traumatología universal (AU).

Doctor and professor Rodrigo Álvarez Cambras is one of the figures who exceled in the orthopedic and pedagogical sciences from the first moments after the triumph of the Revolution. The aim of this historic work is to sustain why the illustrious professor Rodrigo Alvarez Cambras is considered the father of Orthopedics and Traumatology in Cuba in the context of his 85th anniversary. The authors review his biographical data and his main contributions as doctor, professor, scientist, and executive, all this activities endorsed by more than five decades entirely devoted to the medical and pedagogic sciences. The study of this personality is promoted with the purpose of assessing his work in benefit of Cuban society and his contribution to the development of Medicine, especially to universal Orthopedics and Traumatology (AU).

Treating MS without continuous immunosuppression: an interview with Luciano Rossetti.

Luciano Rossetti, MD, Executive Vice President, Global Head of R&D at Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany speaks to Laura Dormer, Commissioning Editor Luciano Rossetti, MD, is Executive Vice President, Global Head of R&D at Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, and a member of the Healthcare Executive Committee. As Global Head of R&D, Rossetti leads the strategy for Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany's discovery and development efforts in healthcare. He joined Merck KGaA in July 2014, and has since led the acceleration of several key programs through the pipeline and advanced the innovation of Merck KGaA's discovery teams into development. Under his leadership, R&D has been transformed, with significant potential to deliver the scientific, clinical, regulatory and medical excellence of its teams to patients in need. Before joining Merck KGaA, he served as Senior Vice President, responsible for Global Scientific Strategy and Late Stage Development at Merck Sharp & Dohme, or MSD. In the latter position, he was responsible for clinical development from Phase II to V across all therapeutic areas. Prior to joining MSD in 2006, he spent 18 years in academia during which he had considerable involvement with the pharmaceutical industry in both discovery and development. In his latest assignment, he was Professor of Medicine and led the Diabetes Research & Training Center at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He has authored more than 150 peer-reviewed scientific journal articles. He is a Post-Doctoral Fellow of Rome University Medical School and of Yale University Medical School. He holds a Doctorate in Medicine from the Trieste University Medical School, Italy.

Linking Public Health and Individual Medicine: The Health Policy Approach of Surgeon General Thomas Parran.

Surgeon General Thomas Parran Jr was once viewed as a path-breaking leader, but his legacy is now highly contested. Scholars of national health insurance have viewed Parran as an impediment to government-backed insurance, and revelations about his role in the Tuskegee Study and in the Public Health Service's experiments in Guatemala have cast a shadow over his career. Surgeon General from 1936 to 1948, Parran led the Public Health Service during the development of key features of the modern American health system and was involved in critical debates over the role of the national government in health. I argue that Parran is best understood not as an opponent of insurance but as the proponent of an approach to health policy that sought to link public health and individual medicine. A pragmatic bureaucrat, Parran believed that effective policymaking required compromise with the American Medical Association.

A Century of Board Directors.

The selection of directors of the American Board of Ophthalmology (ABO) initially was carried out by the 3 founding organizations of the ABO: the American Medical Association, the American Ophthalmological Society, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. Since 1982, the ABO has chosen its own directors and, in 2001, began adding public directors. It is only in recent years that women comprise an increasing proportion of ABO directors.